TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
CHAPTER TWO
2.1 Overview of Antibiotic Resistance
2.1.1 Antibiotic Drugs
2.2 Classification of Antibiotics
2.2.1 B- lactams
2.2.2 Sulfonamides
2.2.3 Trimethoprim
2.2.4 Macrolides
2.2.5 Tetracycline
2.2.6 Fluoroquinolone
2.2.7 Nitroimidazoles
2.2.8 Other antibiotic groups
2.3 Historical Perspectives of Resistance
2.4 Causes of Antibiotic Resistance
2.5 Antibiotics and Reduction of Microorganisms Diversity
2.6 Antibiotic effects on the human metagenome.
CHAPTER THREE
3.1 Mechanisms of Bacterial Resistance
3.2 Factors that Mitigate Antibiotics Resistance
3.3 Genetics and Physiological Factors for Antibiotics Resistance of Bacterial
Biofilm
3.3.1 Mutation and horizontal gene transfer
3.3.2 Role of enzymes in entry of antibiotics
3.3.3 Bacterial growth
3.3.4 Oxygen tension
3.3.5 Metabolic state
3.3.6 Environment
3.3.7 Persister formation
3.3.8 High cell density and quorum sensing (QS)
3.4 Increase in Human and agricultural use of Antibiotics
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 Antibiotics Associated Diseases
4.2 Probiotics as Living Drug
4.3 Probiotic Effects of Epigenetic Alterations
4.4 Challenges of Antibiotic Resistance
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 Alternative Treatment Opportunities
5.2 Measures to Reverse Resistance
5.3 Future Trends
5.4 Conclusion
REFERENCES
