SPATIAL PATTERN OF WATER SUPPLY AND CONSUMPTION IN IJEBU-ODE

SPATIAL PATTERN OF WATER SUPPLY AND CONSUMPTION IN IJEBU-ODE

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SPATIAL PATTERN OF WATER SUPPLY AND CONSUMPTION IN IJEBU-ODE


80 Pages, Chapter 1-5
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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1       BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Water makes life possible as without it, life and civilization cannot develop or survive. As man’s standard of living increases, so does his need for water consumption. It is therefore not surprising that early civilization flourished around river valleys such as those of the Nile in Egypt, Indus in India, Hwangho in China and Euphrates and Tigris in ancient Mesopotania (Ayoade 1988). As regards human life, it is a known fact that 60% of human body is occupied by water. Water holds and sustains living existence on earth as it is present in almost all spheres be it in the Lithosphere which consist of rock systems, the Biosphere which consist of plants and animals, the Atmosphere, in which air contains water particles. (Campbell 1985, Aderogba 1994, 2005, Griggs, 1997, Mayers 2005). However, for water to be safe for consumption, it must be pure, colourless and odourless.

The Oxford dictionary (1995), defined water as a liquid without colour, smell or taste that falls as rain. Rain forms the source of water on earth in that if rain falls, some sink into the ground to form underground water, some run off into Ponds, Rivers, Lakes, Seas, Lagoons and Ocean. 70% of our Earth is covered with water. According to oxford’s definition, if water starts smelling and showing colour, it means it is contaminated with something and no longer qualifies to be water in its pure and natural sense.

For Cap-Net (2009), fresh water is not only vital for human survival, health and dignity, but also fundamental and indispensable for development. Human life, animals, vegetations, the eco system, construction, agriculture and many other things all depend on water.

Nigeria as a country is blessed with abundant water resources, the excess of which has been causing floods and erosion in many parts of the country. Although the supply and distribution of water resources is not evenly spread, all areas receive water to sustain life and other agricultural activities year in year out. In spite of the availability of this resources, its supplies to the majority of the population is very much inadequate. Today, only about 30% of the nation’s populations have access to portable water supply and the majority of these people are urban dwellers (Akhionbare, 1998).

In modern times, there has been a close relationship between water availability and economic development, especially in the developing countries (Warner 1995). In Nigeria, water availability controls population distribution be it in the rural or urban settings. In rural settings, without access to water supply, dwellers tend to settle where they would get access to surface water i.e. streams, river e.t.c. settlement that are provided with modern water supply networks are usually those along the major trade and transportation networks (Oyebande 2005). Though, the pattern of water supply varies from one area to another as the population of a settlement increases, the service efficiency to the expanding population decreases. This usually creates a great disparity in supply to different zones of settlement.

In terms of personal needs, an average man requires 2.5 litres of water daily for drinking and certain quantity is essential for life and maintenance of personal hygiene, absence of which results in health problems like dehydration, skin diseases.

Water scarcity is a global challenge and the study area being a developing urban centre is not left out of these global challenge as there has been increase in demand for water supply over the years with its current population estimated at 222,653(2007)there is need for supply and distribution of adequately treated water to households. Most household often rely on borehole as source of water supply since the supply from public source is inadequate. The study area happens to be one of the earliest beneficiaries of public water supply among the few towns of Lagos, Ibadan, Abeokuta and Enugu.

Over the years, the State Water Agency (SWA) has been in charge with the responsibility of providing portable water supply to urban and rural population for the past three decades (Bukar 1997). In spite of these investment by early visionary regimes, the problems of water scarcity still remains a colossus and major developmental bottleneck in the state and study area.

1.2       STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS

There has always been a significant increase in population of developing nations like Nigeria and rapid growth has caused problem in physical infrastructure in most urban and developing urban centre. Certain population experts have argued that increased population in each geographical region in developing countries have not been merged by comprehensive and corresponding increase in the provision of commercial services such as water supply.

It is a known fact that the survival of man depends largely on the availability of water for cooking, drinking, washing and bathing. Prior to this time, human beings trek long distance in order to get water for their use. But over the years, technology however has brought about the distribution of water to household.

Due to the fact that there is need for effective distribution and supply of water in Nigeria and being the social responsibility of government hence, each of the state government now has their own water corporations whose duty is the constant distribution of portable water to people in town.

Despite the fact that most part of the country is blessed with water resources, there are still areas experiencing water stress and scarcity. The fact that water source are available does not mean water supply is uninterrupted.

As a matter of fact ,there are areas within Ijebu-Ode without access to public water supply and this can be caused by a number of factors among which are rapid growth which except pressure on existing water supply, topography, faulty old pipelines, inadequate distribution system, inadequate storage system, inadequate water supply, lack of government financing. All these shortcomings have been found as causes to water supply problems in the case study.

Having said all these, the research work tends to study the spatial pattern of water supply, consumption and sources.

1.3       AIM AND OBJECTIVES

In other to make this research work worthwhile and geographic in nature, the study area is divided into high and low density area based on its rental value.  The aim and objectives are purely geographic in nature.

Having said all these, the aim of the study is to examine the spatial pattern of water supply and consumption in Ijebu-Ode and to achieve this, following objectives have been highlighted.

  1. To examine the socio-economic characteristics as they relate to the water consumption level of residents in Ijebu-Ode.
  2. To examine the factors that determine the water consumption level in the study area.
  3. To examine the spatial pattern of source of water used in the study area.
  4. To examine the spatial pattern of water consumption in the study area.
  5. Recommendation on how to improve water supply.

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Overtime, much have been said on water supply perhaps because water constitutes a significant aspect of all human existence and as such there is need to effectively make water available for all human to sustain existence.

As far as this research work is concerned in the study area, the water supplied, spatial pattern of sources, consumption are studied. This is necessary because it helps in managing water stress caused by inconsistent water supply and also come up with proper recommendations towards sustainable water supply. It is however hoped that this work will not just be a mere academic requirement, but will also serve as information source for further studies.

1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

Hypothesis One

Ho:      There is no significant difference between household size and quantity of water used in Ijebu-Ode.

Hi:       There is significant difference between household size and quantity of water used in         Ijebu-Ode

Hypothesis Two

Ho:      There is no significant difference between the income of residents and quantity of water used in Ijebu-Ode.

Hi:       There is significant difference between the income of residents and quantity of water        used in Ijebu-Ode.

Hypothesis Three

Ho:      There is no significant difference between residential density and the water source            available in Ijebu-Ode.

Hi:       There is significant difference between residential density and the water source available in Ijebu-Ode.

1.6       RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The research questions are targeted at making clearer the focus of the work and guide the researcher in achieving the objectives. It will examine the basic questions the study intends to write. These are the basic research questions:

  1. What are the available sources of water being used in the area?
  2. Is there frequent availability of water supply in the area?
  3. What sources of water is used frequently?
  4. Do the residents have access to water supply with ease?

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1       BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

1.2       STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS

1.3       AIM AND OBJECTIVES

1.4       SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

1.5       RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

1.6       RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1.7       RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

1.7.1    PRIMARY DATA

1.7.2    SECONDARY DATA

1.7.3    SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

1.8       STUDY AREA

1.8.2    LOCATION

1.8.3    RELIEF

1.8.4    CLIMATE

1.8.5    POPULATION

CHAPTER TWO: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1       CONCEPTUAL AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

2.1.1    CONCEPT OF ETERNAL TRIANGLE

2.1.2    SYSTEM CONCEPT

2.1.3    PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS

2.2       LITERATURE REVIEW

CHAPTER THREE: ANALYSIS OF SOURCES OF WATER AND CONSUMPTION PATTERN

3.0       INTRODUCTION

3.1       SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RESIDENTS IN IJEBU-ODE     INTRODUCTION

3.2       AN EXAMINATION OF THE SPATIAL PATTERN OF SOURCES OF WATER USED BY RESIDENTS IN IJEBU-ODE

3.2.1    TEST FOR HYPOTHESIS ONE: THERE IS NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE IN THE RESIDENTIAL DENSITY AND THE TYPE OF WATER SOURCE AVAILABLE

3.3       AN EXAMINATION OF THE FACTORS THAT DETERMINE WATER CONSUMPTION OF RESIDENTS IN IJEBU-ODE

3.4       AN ANALYSIS OF THE SPATIAL PATTERN OF WATER CONSUMPTION IN IJEBU-ODE

3.4.1:   TEST FOR HYPOTHESIS TWO: THERE IS NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE IN THE HOUSE HOLD SIZE AND QUANTITY OF WATER USED

3.4.2:   TEST FOR HYPOTHESIS THREE: THERE IS NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE IN THE INCOME OF RESPONDENTS AND THE QUANTITY OF WATER USED

CHAPTER FOUR: SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION

4.1       SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

4.2       CONCLUSION

4.3       RECOMMENDATIONS

REFERENCES

APPENDIX

Amenities

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