ABSTRACT
Borehole water is generally considered a safe source of drinking water because it is abstracted with low microbial load with little need for treatment before drinking. However, borehole resources are commonly vulnerable to pollution, which may degrade their quality. An assessment of microbial qualities of borehole water in Olabisi Onabanjo University Permanent Site was carried out. The bacteria isolation was performed using standard culture methods were used for bacteria isolation. The pH value of the borehole water samples ranged from 6.4 – 7.3 while the temperature ranged from 22oC – 28oC. All the borehole water samples collected were colourless and tasteless. The total viable count ranged from 2.35 x 101 to 1.12 x 102 while the total coliform count ranged from 1.80 x 101 to 1.52 x 102. Total feacal count ranged from 2.3 x 101 to 1.36 x 102 while Salmonella shigella count ranged from 3.60 x 101 to 1.09 x 102. A total number of forty (40) bacteria isolates belonging to seven genera were isolated in this study. They were Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp. Klebsiella pneumoniae and Bacillus spp. Escherichia coli has the highest percentage occurrence with 9 (22.5%), followed by Salmonella spp. 6 (15%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 6 (15%), Shigella spp. 6(15%), Staphylococcus aureus 5 (12.5%), Klebsiella pneumoniae 4 (10%) and Bacillus spp. 4 (10%). The fungi isolated in this study were Aspergillus niger, Mucor spp., Penicillum spp., Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium oxysporum. The antimicrobial susceptibility test showed that ciprofloxacin was susceptible on all the isolates except Klebsiella pneumoniae, augumentin was moderate on all the isolates except Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa which were resistant. Staphyloccocus aureus was resistant to Gentamycin while only Escherichia coli was susceptible to Streptomycin. Chloramphenicol was susceptible on Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., and Bacillus spp. while Staphylococcus resist chloramphenicol. All the isolates were susceptible to Amoxicillin except Shigella spp. and Bacillus spp. which were moderate. Four isolates were resistance to erythromycin while the reaming four were moderate. Introduction of easy-to-handle water treatment techniques is needed to ensure drastic reduction in the magnitude of occurrence of faecal coliforms and enteric pathogens in borehole water.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Statement of the Problem
1.3 Justification of the Study
1.4 Aim of the Study
1.5 Objectives of the Study
CHAPTER TWO: Literature Review
2.1 Microbiological Quality of Drinking Water
2.2 Ground Water Contamination
2.3 Waterborne Infections
2.4 Antibiotic resistance
2.5 Antibiotic resistance in Enteropathogenic bacteria
2.5.1 Salmonella typhi
2.5.2 Shigella sp.
2.5.3 Pseudomonas aeruginosa
2.5.4 Escherichia coli
2.6 Water treatment
CHAPTER THREE: Materials and Methods
3.1 Study Area
3.2 Collection of Water Samples
3.3 Materials Used
3.4 Media Used
3.5 Sterilization of Glassware
3.6 Physical and Chemical Analysis of the Water Samples
3.7 Total coliform count (TCC)
3.8 Total Viable Count Determination
3.9 Feacal Coliform Count
3.10 Microbiological Analysis
3.10.1 Cultural Techniques
3.10.2 Morphological Characteristics
3.10.3 Biochemical Tests
3.11 Antibiotic Susceptibility Test
3.11.1 Preparation of Inoculum
CHAPTER FOUR: Results
4.1 Physiochemical Analysis of Borehole Water Samples
4.2 Bacteriological Analysis of the Isolates from Borehole Water Samples
4.3 Identification of Isolates from Borehole Water Samples
4.4 Antimicrobial susceptibility testing
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 Discussion
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Recommendations
References
