ABSTRACT
Endophytes are microorganisms that live inside the host plant tissues which have novel metabolites exhibiting a variety of biological activities against different pathogens. This study was carried out to examine the antimicrobial properties of metabolite from selected endophytes of Anacardium occidentale. Fifteen (15) endophitic bacteria and fungi were isolated from the stem bark of Anacardium occidentale. The isolated endophitic bacteria were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=3), Staphylococcus aereus (n=3), Bacillus subtilis (n=3) and Escherichia coli (n=2). The isolated endophictic fungi were Aspergillus niger (n=2), Penicillum notatum (n-1) and Candida albicans (n=1). The zone of inhibition of the endophytic organisms isolated in this study on selected bacteria which include Escherichia coli, Staphlococcus aerus, Aspergillus niger and Penicillum nonatum showed that Aspergillus niger isolated from the stem bark of Anacardium occidentale inhibit the growth of Aspergillus niger and penicillum notatum, Penicillium notatum does not inhibit the growth of Aspergillus niger but inhibited the growth of Penicillum notatum. Escherichia coli inhibit Staphylococcus aereus and Bacillus subtilis inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aereus. Studying the endophytic population is something important due to it biotechnological application, because it has great potential against resistant pathogens.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Statement of Problem
1.3 Justification of the Study
1.4 Aim of the Study
1.5 Objectives of the Study
CHAPTER TWO: Literature Review
2.1 Botanical Description and Importance of Anacardium occidentale
2.2 Secondary Metabolite
2.2.1 Screening for Secondary Metabolites of Microorganisms
2.2.2 Primary Screening
2.2.3 Chemical Screening
2.2.4 Biological Screening
2.2.5 Pharmacological Screening
2.2.6 Secondary Screening
2.2.7 Isolation of the Pure Substances
2.2.8 Structural Determination of the Isolated Metabolites
2.2.9 Pharmacological Investigation of the Isolated Metabolites
2.2.10 Modification of the Isolated Secondary Metabolites
2.3 Endophytes Microbes
2.4 Plant colonization by endophytic fungi
2.5 Relationship between plant and endophyte
CHAPTER THREE MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Collection of Samples
3.2 Materials and Apparatus
3.3 Media Preparation
3.4 Preparation of Anacardium occidentale stem bark
3.5 Morphological Characterization
3.6 Biochemical Test
3.6.1 Catalase Test
3.6.2 Citrate Utilization Test
3.6.3 Oxidase test
3.6.4 Coagulase test
3.7 Tested Organisms
3.8. Examination of Antimicrobial Activities
3.8.1 Agar Diffusion Assay
CHAPTER FOUR: Results
CHAPTER FIVE: Discussion and Conclusion
5.1 Discussion
5.2 Conclusion
References
