80 Pages, Chapter 1-5
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Groundwater flow is part of stream flow that has infiltrated the ground, phreatic zones and has been discharged into stream channel, via springs or seepage. This work is aim at examining the physiochemical parameters of some available well in order to establish the groundwater quality and flow direction in the study area. One hundred and fifty hand-dug well were examined and some physiochemical parameters were measured which include electrical conductivity, TDS, pH, well depth, Well column, Water level etc. statistically analysis were carried out using surfer software. All the water samples in the area contain dissolved solids which are ions but are found to be portable for drinking water because they fall below the highest desirable limit (HDL) of the World Health Organization (WHO) International standard for drinking water. Result of physiochemical analysis show that the water is colorless and odorless. The water level ranges from 0.2m to 4.35m and the well depth ranges from 2.47m to 19m. Further interpretation shows that the pH of the study area ranges from acidic to alkaline while the salinity ranges from 0-0.5, electrical conductivity value ranges between 12µS/cm and 940µS/cm. All these results fall within the permissible limit of the WHO Standard for drinking water. The groundwater was found suitable for drinking and domestic uses, from the analysis of the physiochemical parameters it was discovered that the terrain play a significant role in their flow direction. Chemical analysis can also be carried out to collaborate these physiochemical parameters to be able to fully ascertain the portability of the water in the study area.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 GROUNDWATER FLOW
1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1.3 LOCATION OF THE STUDY AREA
1.4 ACCESSIBILITY
1.5 CLIMATE
1.6 VEGETATION
1.7 DRAINAGE PATTERN, TOPOGRAPHY AND RELIEF
1.8 SETTLEMENT
1.9 PREVIOUS RESEARCH WORK
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 REGIONAL GEOLOGY OF THE STUDY AREA
2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.2 BASEMENT COMPLEX
2.2.1 THE MIGMATITE-GNEISS COMPLEX.
2.2.2 THE SCHIST BELTS
2.2.3 CHARNOKITIC AND BAUCHITE ROCK
2.2.3.1 CHARNOCKITE
2.2.3.2 BAUCHITE
2.2.4 OLDER GRANITES
2.2.5 UNMETAMORPHOSED DYKES PEGMATITES
2.2.6 QUARTZ VEINS
2.2.7 DOLERITE DYKES
2.3.1 PORPHYROBLASTIC GNEISS GROUP
2.3.2 ABEOKUTA FORMATION
2.4 GENERAL STRUCTURAL DEFORMATION IN THE BASEMENT OF SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA
2.5 GENERAL HYDROGEOLOGY OF THE BASEMENT COMPLEX
2.6 GEOLOGY OF THE STUDY AREA
2.7 MAPPING GROUNDWATER LEVEL
2.8 SUB-SURFACE GEOLOGY
2.9 GROUNDWATER – SURFACE WATER RELATIONSHIP
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 METHODOLOGY
3.1 FIELD SURVEY MATERIALS
3.2 METHOD OF DATA ACQUISITION AND ANALYSIS
3.3 DATA PROCESSING
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 DISCUSSION AND INTERPRETATION
4.1 TOPOGRAPHY
4.2 GROUNDWATER FLOW THEORY
4.3 WELL COLUMN
4.4 WELL HEAD
4.5 HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION pH
4.6 TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLID (T.D.S)
4.7 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY
4.8 TEMPERATURE
4.9 SALINITY
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 CONCLUSION
5.2 RECOMMENDATION
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
LIST OF FIGURES
FIG 1: TOPOGRAPHICAL MAP OF THE STUDY AREA
FIG 2: DIGITIZED ACCESSIBILITY MAP OF THE STUDY AREA
FIG. 3 VEGETATION OF THE STUDY AREA
FIG 4: DIGITIZED DRAINAGE MAP OF THE STUDY AREA`
FIG 5: SHOWING DIGITIZED MAP OF PAN AFRICAN PROVINCE OF
WEST-AFRICA, (BETRAND J. M., AND JARDIN E.F., 1990)
FIG 7: GEOLOGICAL MAP OF NIGERIA, (AFTER OYAWOYE 1972)
FIG 8 MAP OF ABEOKUTA FORMATIONS
FIG 9: GEOLOGIC MAP OF THE STUDY AREA (FASHOLA, 2012)
FIG 10: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GROUNDWATER AND
SURFACE WATER (KUMAR, C.P. 1986)
FIG 11 SAMPLING POINT
FIG 12: TERRAIN MODEL OF THE STUDY AREA
FIG 13: GENERATED TOPOGRAPHIC MAP OF THE STUDY AREA
FIG 14: GROUNDWATER FLOW AND ITS DIRECTION (Henry Darcy, 1856)
FIG 15:3D VIEW OF THE WATER PIEZOMETRIC OF THE STUDY AREA
FIG 16: 3D VIEW OF THE WELL COLUMN DISTRIBUTION ACROSS THE STUDY AREA.
FIG 17: 2D VIEW WELL COLUMN DISTRIBUTION ACROSS THE STUDY AREA
FIG 18: 3D VIEW OF THE WELL HEAD DISTRIBUTION ACROSS THE STUDY AREA
FIG 19. 2D VIEW OF WATER PIEZOMETRIC OF THE STUDY AREA
Fig 20: 3D VIEW OF THE pH and GROUNDWATER FLOW DIRECTION OF THE STUDY AREA
FIG 21: CORRELATION OF WHO AND pH STANDARD VALUE
FIG 22: 3D VIEW OF TDS AND GROUNDWATER FLOW DIRECTION IN THE STUDY AREA
FIG 23: CORRELATION OF ‘WHO’ STANDARD AND TDS DISTRIBUTION OF THE STUDY AREA
FIG 24: TDS AND WATER ELEVATION RELATIONSHIP
FIG25: 3D VIEW OF THE ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY WATER PIEZOMETRIC ACROSS THE STUDY AREA
FIG 26: CORRELATION OF ‘WHO’ STANDARD AND ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY ACROSS THE STUDY AREA
FIG 27:3D VIEW OF TEMPERATURE AND WATER PIEZOMETRIC ACROSS THE STUDY AREA
FIG 28: 3D VIEW OF THE SALINITY AND WATER PIEZOMETRIC ACROSS THE STUDY AREA
